Trade Contracts

Difficulties in contract enforcement impede international transactions in the world economy and domestic transactions in transition economies. In "Contracts in Trade and Transition, Dalia Marin and Monika Schnitzer explain how barter as an economic institution can facilitate contract enforcement across national borders in international trade and within borders in transition countries. The authors show that international countertrade--tying an export to an import--emerged in the 1980s in response to the international debt crisis when Western creditors refused to finance imports to developing countries and Eastern Europe. Barter--the exchange of goods without the use of money--reemerged in transition economies in the 1990s in response to a domestic debt crisis when banks in transition countries were reluctant to provide finance to firms. Countertrade and barter introduce a deal-specific form of collateral that addresses the lack of creditworthiness of countries and firms.Drawing on contract theory, the authors argue that parties might want to pay in goods rather than cash or link an export with an import as in countertrade to solve incentive problems that otherwise would prevent any trade from taking place. The incentive problems they discuss are the technology transfer problem to developing countries and the "lack of trust" problem in the former Soviet Union.

This is the first book to provide an "all-encompassing" introduction to the full range of important trade related subjects. Focusing on the basic mechanics of how international trade is "actually done," it gathers into a single volume the hows and whys of each step in the process of importing or exporting a product -- e.g., shipping, finance, law, trading blocs, insurance, etc. Offers an approach that is not country specific and can be used anywhere in the world. Covers the entire import/export process step-by-step: the manager's decision to export or import; determining the mode of international transportation; packaging for exporting; INCO terms; The United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods; service providers for international trade; documents used in international trade; landed cost estimation; financing of international trade transactions; an example of a Letter of Credit transaction; human factors in international trade; insurance for goods in transit; major trading blocs in the world; barriers to trade; The World Trade Organization; international contract dispute arbitration; ISO 9000, quality control for international suppliers. For anyone involved in import/export.

Chicago Board of Trade - The Chicago Board of Trade (CBOT) , established in 1848, is the world's oldest futures and options exchange. More than 50 different options and futures contracts are traded by over 3,600 CBOT members through open outcry and eTrading.

Trade name - A trade name, also known as a trading name or a business name, is the name which a business trades under for commercial purposes, although its registered, legal name, used for contracts and other formal situations, may be another.

London Metal Exchange - The London Metal Exchange or LME is the futures exchange with the world's largest market in options and futures contracts on base and other metals. As the LME offers contracts with daily expiry dates up to three months from trade date, along with longer dated contracts, it also allows for cash trading.

Incomplete markets - The Theory of Incomplete Markets is an extension of the general equilibrium approach to intertemporal economies with uncertainty, where the set of available contracts which can be used to transfer wealth across time is limited relative to the possible probabilistic states that an economy might find itself in. Unlike in the standard Arrow-Debreu model where all trade takes place at beginning of time, in an economy with incomplete markets agents trade in sequential spot markets.

tradecontracts

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